단어 사동사 (-이/히/리/기/우/추-) irregular causative verbs = subject make/let/cause/do sth for someone ~subject performs direct action for someone
Usage:
- 사동사 irregular causative verbs indicate that the subject performs direct action for someone = subject make/let/cause/do something for/to another.
- 사동사 is often used for some adjectives and verbs
- 사동사 irregular causative verbs indicate that the subject performs direct action for someone = subject make/let/cause/do something for/to another.
- 사동사 is often used for some adjectives and verbs
Structure:
1. N을/를 V-이/히/리/기/우 <= N이/가 V : subject make/let/cause someone do something
철수가 영희를 울려요. <= 영희가 울어요.
Cheolsu makes Yeonghee cry. <= Younghee cries.
고양이가 쥐를 죽였어요. <= 쥐가 죽었어요.
A cat killed a mouse. <= A mouse died.
내가 친구를 웃겼어요. <= 친구가 웃었어요.
I made my friend laugh. <= My friend laughed.
우리가 택시를 세웠어요. <= 택시가 섰어요.
We stopped the taxi. <= The taxi was stopped.
2. N1에게 N2을/를 V-이/히/리/기/우 <= N1이/가 N2을/를 V : subject do something for another.
어머니가 아이에게 우유를 먹여요. <= 아이가 우유를 먹어요.
Mother feeds milk for her baby. <= The baby drinks milk.
선생님께서 학생들에게 책을 읽혀요. <= 학생들이 책을 읽어요.
Teacher tell students read book. <= Students read book.
영희는 윌슨에게 그 일을 맡겼어요. <= 윌슨이 그 일을 맡았어요.
Younghee entrusted that work to Wilson <= Wilson took that work.
Specific usage:
1. Some verbs have identical passive and causative forms, but they can be differentiated by the contexts.
E.g.
이 책은 많은 사람들에게 읽혔어요.
This book has been read by many people (Passive)
선생님은 학생에게 책을 읽혔어요.
The teacher made the student read the book (Causative)
2. -아/어 주다 can be also added to the causative verbs
E.g.
안나는 더러워진 고양이를 씻겼어요.
= 안나는 더러워진 고양이를 씻겨 줬어요
Anna gave the dirty cat a bath.
엄마는 아이에게 예쁜 구두를 신겼어요.
= 엄마는 아이에게 예쁜 구두를 신겨 줬어요.
The mother had the child wear pretty shoes.
List of typical -이/히/리/기/우/추- causative verbs:
Suffix | Verb Base | Causative Verb | Example and Gloss |
이 | 먹다 | 먹이다 | 저는 8시에 아기에게 우유를 먹여요. |
to eat | to feed | I feed my baby milk at 8 o'clock. | |
보다 | 보이다 | 안내하는 직원에게 신분증을 보이세요. | |
to see | to show | Please show the attendant your ID. | |
죽다 | 죽이다 | 개미도 죽이지 마세요. | |
to die | to kill | Please don't kill even an ant. | |
속다 | 속이다 | 사람들을 언제나 속일 수 없어요. | |
to be cheated | to cheat, to fool | You can't fool the people all the time. | |
줄다 | 줄이다 | 바지를 줄여야 해요. | |
to shrink, to decrease | to shrink, to reduce | I have to shorten my pants. | |
높다 | 높이다 | 저 건물을 더 높인대요? | |
to be high | to raise, to make tall | Are they going to make the building higher? | |
녹다 | 녹이다 | 눈을 녹여서 물을 썼어요. | |
to melt | to melt | I melted the snow to use as water. | |
히 | 읽다 | 읽히다 | 선생님께서 저에게 책을 읽히셨어요. |
to read | to make read | My teacher told me read the book. | |
앉다 | 앉히다 | 그 의자에 아기를 혼자 앉히지 마세요. | |
to sit down | to seat | Please don't let the baby sit on the chair alone. | |
입다 | 입히다 | 아침에 동생에게 코트를 입혀 줬어요. | |
to put on (clothes) | to dress, to put on (someone) | I put the coat on my little sister in the morning. | |
넓다 | 넓히다 | 이 길은 넓혀야 해요. | |
to be wide | to widen | This road has to be widened. | |
익다 | 익히다 | 야채는 너무 익히면 맛이 없어요. | |
to be cooked, to become ripe | to cook, to make done/ripe | Vegetables do not taste good when overcooked. | |
식다 | 식히다 | 너무 뜨거우면 식히세요. | |
to cool off | to cool it off | If it is too hot, please cool it off. | |
리 | 알다 | 알리다 | 도착 시간을 알려 주세요. |
to know | to inform | Please let me know the arrival time. | |
울다 | 울리다 | 그 영화가 사람들을 울렸어요. | |
to cry, to weep | to make (someone) cry | The movie made people weep. | |
살다 | 살리다 | 저 개가 어린이를 살렸어요. | |
to live | to make one live, to save | The dog saved a child. | |
돌다 | 돌리다 | 문을 열려면 핸들을 돌리세요. | |
to go around | to turn | To open the door, turn the handle. | |
늘다 | 늘리다 | 수출을 10퍼센트 늘렸다. | |
to increase | to increase | We increased exports by 10 percent. | |
기 | 웃다 | 웃기다 | 그 분은 사람들을 잘 웃겨요. |
to laugh | to make laugh | He makes people laugh a lot. | |
맡다 | 맡기다 | 누구에게 이 책임을 맡길까요? | |
to keep | to entrust, to check | To whom shall I give this responsibility? | |
벗다 | 벗기다 | 제가 아기 신발을 벗겼어요. | |
to take off | to undress, to strip | I took off the baby's shoes. | |
신다 | 신기다 | 아기 신발을 다시 신길까요? | |
to put on (shoes) | to put on (shoes) | Shall I put the shoes back on the baby? | |
숨다 | 숨기다 | 나는 너에게 숨기는 것이 없어. | |
to hide | to hide, to conceal | I have nothing to hide from you. | |
씻다 | 씻기다 | 도로가 비에 깨끗이 씻기었다. | |
to wash | to let wash | The road was washed clean by the rain. | |
빗다 | 빗기다 | 머리를 빗겨 줄까? | |
to comb | to comb | Shall I comb your hair? | |
우 | 자다 | 재우다 | 엄마가 아기를 재우고 있어요. |
to sleep | to put to bed | Mother is putting the baby to sleep. | |
깨다 | 깨우다 | 아침 7 시에 좀 깨워 주세요. | |
to be awake | to wake | Would you wake me up at 7:00 a.m.? | |
타다 | 태우다 | 엄마가 아이를 학교 버스에 태웠어요. | |
to get on, to ride | to load, to put on (a vehicle) | Mother put her child on the school bus. | |
서다 | 세우다 | 차를 기차역 앞에서 세워주세요. | |
to stand, to stop | to stop, to erect | Please stop the car in front of the train station. | |
비다 | 비우다 | 쓰레기통을 좀 비워 주시겠어요? | |
to be empty/vacant | to vacate, to empty | Would you empty the wastebasket? | |
구 | 돋다 | 돋구다 | 운동은 밥맛을 돋구어 준다. |
to rise, to sprout | to enhance | Exercise enhances one's appetite. | |
추 | 낮다 | 낮추다 | 음악을 낮추어 주시겠어요? |
to be low | to lower | Would you lower the volume of the music? | |
늦다 | 늦추다 | 한 달은 너무 짧으니 기간을 좀 늦춥시다. | |
to be late | to extend, to defer | One month is too short; let's extend it. | |
맞다 | 맞추다 | 몸에 맞추어 옷을 맡겼어요. | |
to fit, to be correct | to set, to match | I put the dress on to fit my body. |
Comparison between 피동사 passive form, 사동사 irregular causative form, and regular causative form (-게 하다):
- Regular causative form (-게 하다): the subject makes someone do action.
- Regular causative form (-게 하다): the subject makes someone do action.
- Irregular causative form (사동사): the subject of sentence performs direct action for someone
- Passive form (피동사): No need for the subject to actively cause another to do the action. (i.e. -아/어 지다).
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